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Performance tuning is the improvement of system performance. This is typically a computer
application, but the same methods can be applied to economic markets,
bureaucracies or other complex systems. The motivation for such activity is
called a performance problem, which can be real or anticipated. Most systems
will respond to increased load with some degree of decreasing
performance. A system's ability to accept higher load is called scalability,
and modifying a system to handle a higher load is synonymous to performance
tuning.
Systematic tuning follows these steps:
1.
Assess the problem and establish numeric values that categorize
acceptable behavior.
2.
Measure the performance of the system before modification.
3.
Identify the part of the system that is critical for improving the
performance. This is called the bottleneck.
4.
Modify that part of the system to remove the bottleneck.
5.
Measure the performance of the system after modification.
6.
If the modification makes the performance better, adopt it. If the
modification makes the performance worse, put it back the way it was.
This is an instance of the
measure-evaluate-improve-learn cycle from quality
assurance.A performance problem may be identified by slow
or unresponsive systems. This usually occurs because high system loading,
causing some part of the system to reach a limit in its ability to respond.
This limit within the system is referred to as a bottleneck.A handful of techniques are used to improve
performance. Among them are code optimization, load balancing, caching
strategy, distributed computing and self-tuning.Performance analysis, commonly known as
profiling, is the investigation of a program's behavior using information
gathered as the program executes. Its goal is to determine which sections of a
program to optimize.A profiler is a
performance analysis tool that measures the behavior of a program as it
executes, particularly the frequency and duration of function calls.
Performance analysis tools existed at least from the early 1970s. Profilers may
be classified according to their output types, or their methods for data
gathering.A system can consist of independent components,
each able to service requests. If all the requests are serviced by one of these
systems (or a small number) while others remain idle then time is wasted
waiting for used system to be available. Arranging so all systems are used
equally is referred to as load balancing and can improve over-all performance.Load balancing is often
used to achieve further gains from a distributed system by intelligently
selecting which machine to run an operation on based on how busy all potential
candidates are, and how well suited each machine is to the type of operation
that needs to be performed.
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